الملك مينا موحد القطرين فرعون من الأسرة المصرية الأولى مدينة طيبة (الأقصر حاليا)، استطاع أن يوحد القطرين (المملكتين الشمال والجنوب) حوالي عام 3200 ق.م ولقب لهذا الفضل العظيم بعدة ألقاب مثل (ملك الأرضين، صاحب التاجين، نسر الجنوب، ثعبان الشمال). يعتبر الملك مينا مؤسس الأسرة الأولى الفرعونية.
Menes
Menes (Arabic: مينا; Greek: Μήνης;[4] Egyptian: Meni) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).[5]
The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus[1][2][3] identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer (also credited with the unification of Egypt) as the first pharaoh, evidenced by different royal titularies in the historical and archaeological records respectively.
أحمس الأول
كان سقنن رع أول من بدأ بمهاجمة الهكسوس لمحاربتهم وخروجهم من مصر وقتل في إحدى معاركه مع الهكسوس ثم استكمل ولده كامس الحرب حتى طهر الصعيد من الهكسوس ثم أحمس طرد الهكسوس خارج البلاد. جرى احمس بجيوشه عندما كان عمره حوالي 19 سنة واستخدم بعض الأسلحة الحديثة مثل العجلات الحربية وانضم إلى الجيش كثير من شعب طيبة وذهب هو وجيوشه إلى أواريس (صان الحجرحاليا) عاصمة الهكسوس وهزمهم هناك ثم لاحقهم إلى فلسطين وحاصرهم في حصن شاروهين وفتت شملهم هناك حتى استسلموا ولم يظهر الهكسوس بعدها في التاريخ, كانت هذه المعركة حوالي عام 1580 ق.م.
Ahmose I
Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi's reign, but the sequence of events is not universally agreed upon.[18]
Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital of Avaris is extremely difficult. Almost everything known comes from a brief but invaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, consisting of brief diary entries,[19] one of which reads
“ Regnal year 11, second month of shomu, Heliopolis was entered. First month of akhet, day 23, this southern prince broke into Tjaru. ”
[20]
While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose, it is today believed instead to refer to Ahmose's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of 'Prince of the South' rather than king or pharaoh, as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him.[21] Anthony Spalinger, in a JNES 60 (2001) book review of Kim Ryholt's 1997 book, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 BC, notes that Ryholt's translation of the middle portion of the Rhind text chronicling Ahmose's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the "1st month of Akhet, 23rd day. He-of-the-South (i.e. Ahmose) strikes against Sile."[22] Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not question Ryholt's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether:
“ "it is reasonable to expect a Theban-oriented text to describe its Pharaoh in this manner? For if the date refers to Ahmose, then the scribe must have been an adherent of that ruler. To me, the very indirect reference to Ahmose--it must be Ahmose--ought to indicate a supporter of the Hyksos dynasty; hence, the regnal years should refer to this monarch and not the Theban [king]."[23] ”
The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose's military strategy when attacking the Delta. Entering Heliopolis in July, he moved down the eastern delta to take Tjaru, the major border fortification on the Horus Road, the road from Egypt to Canaan, in October, totally avoiding Avaris. In taking Tjaru[20] he cut off all traffic between Canaan and Avaris. This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris, isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan.[24]
Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of a participating soldier, Ahmose, son of Ebana. These records indicate that Ahmose I led three attacks against Avaris, the Hyksos capital, but also had to quell a small rebellion further south in Egypt. After this, in the fourth attack, he conquered the city.[25] He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their stronghold Sharuhen near Gaza after a three year siege.[13][26] Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year of his reign at the very latest. This is suggested by "a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby 'oxen from Canaan' were used at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose's regnal year 22."[27] Since the cattle would probably have been imported after Ahmose's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris, this means that the reign of Khamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose's 25 year reign at the very latest.[27]
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