Profiles for a simple life in ancient Pharaonic Egypt and the discovery of the extent and ingenious skill of the ancient Egyptians in making history
الأحد، 27 مارس 2011
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun (alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon), Egyptian twt-ˤnḫ-ı͗mn, approx. [təwaːt ʕaːnəx ʔaˈmaːn]; 1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c.1333 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of Amun". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence.[3] He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king 'Rathotis' who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years — a figure which conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's Epitome.[4]
Cause of death
There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause of death.
Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the general consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions combined, led to his death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioJejWOzoyE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV0IOtzg9tg&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQp_L7e1VTo&feature=related
Cause of death
There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause of death.
Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the general consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions combined, led to his death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioJejWOzoyE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV0IOtzg9tg&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQp_L7e1VTo&feature=related
الجمعة، 25 مارس 2011
Most famous kings of the Pharaohs
الملك مينا
الملك مينا موحد القطرين فرعون من الأسرة المصرية الأولى مدينة طيبة (الأقصر حاليا)، استطاع أن يوحد القطرين (المملكتين الشمال والجنوب) حوالي عام 3200 ق.م ولقب لهذا الفضل العظيم بعدة ألقاب مثل (ملك الأرضين، صاحب التاجين، نسر الجنوب، ثعبان الشمال). يعتبر الملك مينا مؤسس الأسرة الأولى الفرعونية.
Menes
Menes (Arabic: مينا; Greek: Μήνης;[4] Egyptian: Meni) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).[5]
The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus[1][2][3] identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer (also credited with the unification of Egypt) as the first pharaoh, evidenced by different royal titularies in the historical and archaeological records respectively.
أحمس الأول
كان سقنن رع أول من بدأ بمهاجمة الهكسوس لمحاربتهم وخروجهم من مصر وقتل في إحدى معاركه مع الهكسوس ثم استكمل ولده كامس الحرب حتى طهر الصعيد من الهكسوس ثم أحمس طرد الهكسوس خارج البلاد. جرى احمس بجيوشه عندما كان عمره حوالي 19 سنة واستخدم بعض الأسلحة الحديثة مثل العجلات الحربية وانضم إلى الجيش كثير من شعب طيبة وذهب هو وجيوشه إلى أواريس (صان الحجرحاليا) عاصمة الهكسوس وهزمهم هناك ثم لاحقهم إلى فلسطين وحاصرهم في حصن شاروهين وفتت شملهم هناك حتى استسلموا ولم يظهر الهكسوس بعدها في التاريخ, كانت هذه المعركة حوالي عام 1580 ق.م.
Ahmose I
Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi's reign, but the sequence of events is not universally agreed upon.[18]
Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital of Avaris is extremely difficult. Almost everything known comes from a brief but invaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, consisting of brief diary entries,[19] one of which reads
“ Regnal year 11, second month of shomu, Heliopolis was entered. First month of akhet, day 23, this southern prince broke into Tjaru. ”
[20]
While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose, it is today believed instead to refer to Ahmose's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of 'Prince of the South' rather than king or pharaoh, as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him.[21] Anthony Spalinger, in a JNES 60 (2001) book review of Kim Ryholt's 1997 book, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 BC, notes that Ryholt's translation of the middle portion of the Rhind text chronicling Ahmose's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the "1st month of Akhet, 23rd day. He-of-the-South (i.e. Ahmose) strikes against Sile."[22] Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not question Ryholt's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether:
“ "it is reasonable to expect a Theban-oriented text to describe its Pharaoh in this manner? For if the date refers to Ahmose, then the scribe must have been an adherent of that ruler. To me, the very indirect reference to Ahmose--it must be Ahmose--ought to indicate a supporter of the Hyksos dynasty; hence, the regnal years should refer to this monarch and not the Theban [king]."[23] ”
The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose's military strategy when attacking the Delta. Entering Heliopolis in July, he moved down the eastern delta to take Tjaru, the major border fortification on the Horus Road, the road from Egypt to Canaan, in October, totally avoiding Avaris. In taking Tjaru[20] he cut off all traffic between Canaan and Avaris. This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris, isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan.[24]
Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of a participating soldier, Ahmose, son of Ebana. These records indicate that Ahmose I led three attacks against Avaris, the Hyksos capital, but also had to quell a small rebellion further south in Egypt. After this, in the fourth attack, he conquered the city.[25] He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their stronghold Sharuhen near Gaza after a three year siege.[13][26] Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year of his reign at the very latest. This is suggested by "a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby 'oxen from Canaan' were used at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose's regnal year 22."[27] Since the cattle would probably have been imported after Ahmose's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris, this means that the reign of Khamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose's 25 year reign at the very latest.[27]
الملك مينا موحد القطرين فرعون من الأسرة المصرية الأولى مدينة طيبة (الأقصر حاليا)، استطاع أن يوحد القطرين (المملكتين الشمال والجنوب) حوالي عام 3200 ق.م ولقب لهذا الفضل العظيم بعدة ألقاب مثل (ملك الأرضين، صاحب التاجين، نسر الجنوب، ثعبان الشمال). يعتبر الملك مينا مؤسس الأسرة الأولى الفرعونية.
Menes
Menes (Arabic: مينا; Greek: Μήνης;[4] Egyptian: Meni) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).[5]
The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus[1][2][3] identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer (also credited with the unification of Egypt) as the first pharaoh, evidenced by different royal titularies in the historical and archaeological records respectively.
أحمس الأول
كان سقنن رع أول من بدأ بمهاجمة الهكسوس لمحاربتهم وخروجهم من مصر وقتل في إحدى معاركه مع الهكسوس ثم استكمل ولده كامس الحرب حتى طهر الصعيد من الهكسوس ثم أحمس طرد الهكسوس خارج البلاد. جرى احمس بجيوشه عندما كان عمره حوالي 19 سنة واستخدم بعض الأسلحة الحديثة مثل العجلات الحربية وانضم إلى الجيش كثير من شعب طيبة وذهب هو وجيوشه إلى أواريس (صان الحجرحاليا) عاصمة الهكسوس وهزمهم هناك ثم لاحقهم إلى فلسطين وحاصرهم في حصن شاروهين وفتت شملهم هناك حتى استسلموا ولم يظهر الهكسوس بعدها في التاريخ, كانت هذه المعركة حوالي عام 1580 ق.م.
Ahmose I
Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi's reign, but the sequence of events is not universally agreed upon.[18]
Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital of Avaris is extremely difficult. Almost everything known comes from a brief but invaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, consisting of brief diary entries,[19] one of which reads
“ Regnal year 11, second month of shomu, Heliopolis was entered. First month of akhet, day 23, this southern prince broke into Tjaru. ”
[20]
While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose, it is today believed instead to refer to Ahmose's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of 'Prince of the South' rather than king or pharaoh, as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him.[21] Anthony Spalinger, in a JNES 60 (2001) book review of Kim Ryholt's 1997 book, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 BC, notes that Ryholt's translation of the middle portion of the Rhind text chronicling Ahmose's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the "1st month of Akhet, 23rd day. He-of-the-South (i.e. Ahmose) strikes against Sile."[22] Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not question Ryholt's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether:
“ "it is reasonable to expect a Theban-oriented text to describe its Pharaoh in this manner? For if the date refers to Ahmose, then the scribe must have been an adherent of that ruler. To me, the very indirect reference to Ahmose--it must be Ahmose--ought to indicate a supporter of the Hyksos dynasty; hence, the regnal years should refer to this monarch and not the Theban [king]."[23] ”
The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose's military strategy when attacking the Delta. Entering Heliopolis in July, he moved down the eastern delta to take Tjaru, the major border fortification on the Horus Road, the road from Egypt to Canaan, in October, totally avoiding Avaris. In taking Tjaru[20] he cut off all traffic between Canaan and Avaris. This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris, isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan.[24]
Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of a participating soldier, Ahmose, son of Ebana. These records indicate that Ahmose I led three attacks against Avaris, the Hyksos capital, but also had to quell a small rebellion further south in Egypt. After this, in the fourth attack, he conquered the city.[25] He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their stronghold Sharuhen near Gaza after a three year siege.[13][26] Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year of his reign at the very latest. This is suggested by "a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby 'oxen from Canaan' were used at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose's regnal year 22."[27] Since the cattle would probably have been imported after Ahmose's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris, this means that the reign of Khamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose's 25 year reign at the very latest.[27]
الثلاثاء، 22 مارس 2011
Luxor is part of ancient Thebes, a city with a per cent by the door as he said of the great Greek Homer because of the buildings with large doors. The city has grown over the centuries, and impressed by the Arabs and the beauty of Luxor calling them what they have seen many of the deficiencies.
This fascinated the visitor when visiting the city, which are terrible Bmayanha space on both the shore of the Nile in the city life in the east where the sun shines In a city of death in the west where the sun sets in the orbit, where is the end of life rest in peace.
This fascinated the visitor when visiting the city, which are terrible Bmayanha space on both the shore of the Nile in the city life in the east where the sun shines In a city of death in the west where the sun sets in the orbit, where is the end of life rest in peace.
تعتبر الاقصر جزءا من طيبة القديمة وهى المدينة ذات المائة باب كما قال عنها المؤرخ الاغريقى العظيم هوميروس بسبب ابنيتها ذات الابواب الكبيرة. نمت المدينة عبر العصور ، واعجب بها العرب وبجمالها فسموها الاقصر لكثرة ما شاهدوه بها من قصور.
ولهذا ينبهر الزائر عند زيارته للمدينة التى تتسم بعمدانها الرهيبة المساحة على كلا شاطئ النيل فى مدينة الحياه فى الشرق حيث تشرق الشمس وفى مدينة الموت فى الغرب حيث تغرب الشمس فى مدارها غير المنتهى حيث ترقد بسلام الحياة.
ولهذا ينبهر الزائر عند زيارته للمدينة التى تتسم بعمدانها الرهيبة المساحة على كلا شاطئ النيل فى مدينة الحياه فى الشرق حيث تشرق الشمس وفى مدينة الموت فى الغرب حيث تغرب الشمس فى مدارها غير المنتهى حيث ترقد بسلام الحياة.
Luxor
مدينة تاريخية تقع في وسط محافظة قنا بأقصى صعيد مصر. الأقصر مدينة تعود لعصور ماقبل التاريخ حيث تعد من أشهر المدن الأثرية في العالم وتحتوي على العديد من المعابد والمقابر ومن أشهرها معبد الأقصر ومعابد الكرنك والتي تعد أكبر دور عبادة في العالم. وهى تحوى وحدها ثلث اثار العالم اجمع وهى بذلك اعظم متحف مفتوح فى العالم الملئ بالرهبة والاثار الموحيه بالحضارة القديمة ، كانت الاقصر جزءا من طيبة القديمة وكانت مقعد القوة لمدة 1350 عاما متتالية من عام 2100 قبل الميلاد إلى 750 قبل الميلاد وفى هذا الوقت قام المصريون ببناء العديد من الاعمال الفنية المعمارية وبهذا تحولت المدينة إلى مدينة غنية بالتاريخ المبهر بالاماكن بالاثار بالمعابد والمقابر ، اليوم تستطيع ان تمشى بين التاريخ وبين رؤوس الالهة فى طريق الكباش ، بين الاعمدة وزهور اللوتس واوراق البردي ،وان تتمتع برحلة قصيرة بالكاريته او فى فلوكة عند غروب الشمس .
Luxor is part of ancient Thebes, a city with a per cent by the door as he said of the great Greek Homer because of the buildings with large doors. The city has grown over the centuries, and impressed by the Arabs and the beauty of Luxor calling them what they have seen many of the deficiencies.
This fascinated the visitor when visiting the city, which are terrible Bmayanha space on both the shore of the Nile in the city life in the east where the sun shines In a city of death in the west where the sun sets in the orbit, where is the end of life rest in peace.
تعتبر الاقصر جزءا من طيبة القديمة وهى المدينة ذات المائة باب كما قال عنها المؤرخ الاغريقى العظيم هوميروس بسبب ابنيتها ذات الابواب الكبيرة. نمت المدينة عبر العصور ، واعجب بها العرب وبجمالها فسموها الاقصر لكثرة ما شاهدوه بها من قصور.
ولهذا ينبهر الزائر عند زيارته للمدينة التى تتسم بعمدانها الرهيبة المساحة على كلا شاطئ النيل فى مدينة الحياه فى الشرق حيث تشرق الشمس وفى مدينة الموت فى الغرب حيث تغرب الشمس فى مدارها غير المنتهى حيث ترقد بسلام الحياة.
الاثنين، 21 مارس 2011
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
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